lemon's 2nd media blog (Mr Bush) (Exam)

Cultural Industries: notes Hesmondhalgh discusses the way the cultural industries operate and explores their effect on audiences: “Of one thing there can be no doubt: the media do have influence.” He points out that societies with profitable cultural industries (e.g. USA, UK) tend to be dominated by large companies, have minimal government regulation and significant inequality between rich and poor. Do cultural industries reinforce these conditions? The cultural industries: a risky business Hesmondhalgh acknowledges that media companies are operating a risky business. There is no guarantee a creative product will be a success. They offset this risk both creatively and through business structure. In terms of media products, they use stars, sequels and well-known genres. In terms of business, they use vertical integration and diversification to spread their risk and maximise profit. Commodification Hesmondhalgh discusses commodification in the cultural industries

Conglomerate ownership A conglomerate is a large company composed of a number of smaller companies (subsidiaries). A media conglomerate, or media group, is a company that owns numerous companies involved in creating mass media products such as print, television, radio, movies or online. Examples include Comcast, 21st Century Fox or Disney. Vertical integration Vertical integration is when a media company owns a range of businesses in the same chain of production and distribution.  For example, a company might own the film studio that makes a film, the distributors that sell it to cinemas and then the movie channel that premieres it on TV. Vertical integration allows companies to reduce costs and increase profits – but it is not always successful if the parent company lacks expertise in certain areas. Horizontal integration Horizontal integration is when a media company owns a range of different media companies that are largely unrelated e.g. magazines, rad

Read the Factsheet and complete the following questions/tasks: 1) What is regulation and why do media industries need to be regulated? Regulations are there to provide rules and it ensures that organisations operate fairly. 2) What is OFCOM responsible for? "OFCOM is responsible for regulating broadcast media such as TV and Radio" 3) Look at the section on the OFCOM broadcasting code. Which do you think are the three most important sections of the broadcasting code and why? I think the 3 most important are: harm and offence-if they did not regulate the amount of harm and offence shown on most TV channels, then I think a whole lot of people would be more aggressive because bandura's theory does work and it still may effect people today. I think another important section is: crime- if crime was not regulated on TV channels then I feel like people could get ideas and new ways to steal or break into a car or other illegal things and it would give the audience new way

1)  Media consumption audit 2)  Language: Reading an image - advert analyses  ( My Own ) 3)  Reception theory  ( Reception Theory Question ) ( My Own ) 4)  Semiotics: icons, indexes and symbols 5)  Genre: Factsheets and genre study questions 6)  Narrative: Factsheet questions 7)  Audience: classification - psychographics presentation 8)  October assessment learner response 9)  Audience theory 1 10)  Audience theory 2 11)  Audience theory: Media Effects fact sheet

Reception theory: notes Studying media language means looking at the way in which the sign or text is interpreted and how the meaning comes across to the audience.  All media is thought to be polysemic in that it can be interpreted in different ways – it is not simply passively accepted by the audience. Stuart Hall introduced the idea of three different readings. Stuart Hall: reception theory Hall suggested there are three types of reading: Dominant, Preferred or Hegemonic Reading : what the producer/creator intends – the ‘natural’ reading Negotiated Reading : a middle ground between the producer’s intentions and the audience’s individual views Oppositional or ‘Counter-Hegemonic’ Reading : an alternative reading that is actively against the producer’s intentions. Reception Theory: Dominant Reading:  The dominant reading from the creator is to promote 50 cent's new single and to promote Reebok's brand by using 50 cent. The dominant reading is al

According to reception theory, ‘the media attempts to transmit specific messages to audiences, but audiences are free to interpret these messages in a variety of ways – or even reject them’. How valid are reception theory’s claims about audience responses? [25 marks] Reception theory shows how the audience can interpret how they want to interpret the information and the most perceptive of the audience will identify the falseness in information if they are smart enough, the audience has only 3 choices, to read it and agree with what the media is saying even though it be biased, to look at what the media is saying and see how they can agree with what the media is saying and also disagree with what the media is saying because they find it biased and may know the actual truth, or to see how the media is trying to brainwash the audience and see how the media is biased and what they are doing is not the right thing. There is no other way to respond to information the media has give

POSE: How are the people in the photograph standing? Are they sitting? Relaxed? Angry? LIGHTING: How does lighting affect mood and atmosphere? What does it suggest about the product’s image? SETTING: Was the photograph taken indoors? Outdoors? Somewhere else? SUBJECT MATTER: What is the subject of the photograph? People? Objects? The product? TYPE OF SHOT/ANGLE Is the picture a close up? A medium shot? A long shot? From which angle is it photographed? SIZE How large/small are the images or text? COMPOSITION How the picture or copy are arranged on the page. How are they put together? FRAMING How the pictures and copy are framed by colour, other pictures, lines etc. COLOUR The way colour is used to create a mood, atmosphere or connotation about a product. The colours of the photo is dark and this creates a gloomy and depressing atmosphere. Framing: The other pictures of xxxtentacion and notes are all the same monotone colour which could symbolize a

Key media language: Denotation: What the audience can visually see on a page Connotation: Being what the denotation represents. Colour: what the colour represents. E.g. black meaning gloomy or seriousness. green meaning environment, etc. Pose: how the person is standing- what they want the viewer to feel. Framing: The basis of  framing  theory is that the  media  focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of  meaning . Composition: how it was put together. Size: why the size is small, medium, large. Type of shot: face shot, medium shot, close-up, etc Subject matter: what the photo is supposed to represent. Setting: where the photo was taken. Lighting: how dark/light the photo is, is the person in the picture in the middle of the light,etc. This photo of 50 cent is a cover photo of his song "gunz for sale" and the picture show's 50 cent in the middle of the frame and the picture is really high contrast to add seriousness to

Semiotics: icon, index, symbol notes An Icon has a physical resemblance to the signified, the thing being represented. A photograph is a good example as it certainly resembles whatever it depicts. An Index shows evidence of what’s being represented. A good example is using an image of smoke to indicate fire. A Symbol has no resemblance between the signifier and the signified. The connection between them must be culturally learned. Numbers and alphabets are good examples. Icons: Index: Symbol: Why are icons and indexes so important in media texts? icons and indexes are important in media texts because they let the audience understand what a picture means such as if there was a poster about computers, the audience would want to know the company and they wouldn't understand what the poster represents however if there was a microsoft icon at the left, bottom, right, wherever, they would understand that its a poster/advertisement from microsoft. To sum it

Reception theory: Dominant reading: The dominant reading of this cover of lil pump's new song "gucci gang" is that it makes the audience envy lil pump and look up to him because he wears designer clothes and earns lots of money and it is used to promote himself and make him stand out from others. Negotiated reading: The negotiated reading is that people can see the reason why lil pump would say him and his friends are the "gucci gang" because he wants to flex on everyone but they would also see how everyone is focusing on his money and fame but no one is wondering about all the starving kids around the suburbs in less developed countries. Oppositional reading: The oppositional reading is that lil pump uses his money to promote himself and for him to live a luxurious life whilst that money could be sent to poverty ridden countries and help people get out of poverty instead of using all of his money on clothes/cars/etc.

Genre: notes Genres may be identified by the following: Narrative structures Plot Typical situations, characters and relationships Visual iconography Mise-en-scene: props, costumes, locations etc. Cinematography Ideology and themes Representations, values and ideologies Daniel  Chandler   suggests definitions of genre tend to be based on the notion that they constitute particular conventions of  content  (such as themes or settings - iconography) and/or  form  (including structure and style) which are shared by the texts which are regarded as belonging to them. Genre: institution and audience Tolson   (1996) suggests that genre “mediates between industry and audience”. Abercrombie   suggests that “television producers set out to exploit genre conventions... It... makes sound economic sense.”  Abercromie   adds: “Genres permit the creation and maintenance of a loyal audience which becomes used to seeing programmes within a genre.” Genres of order and integration Some theorists (